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Ask whether assay, instrument, units or reference intervals changed and retain both original reports. Do not infer a physiological trend before assess...

Report sample size, potential confounders and measurement uncertainty. Association does not identify direction or causation, and exploratory results n...

Case 9 — Reading an abstract without skipping the methods Identify population, design, comparator, outcome definitions and follow-up. Assess whether t...

Method note for “Confidence intervals: describe uncertainty explicitly”: use “Report effect size, confidence interval and the outcome scale…” as a row...

Clarification for “Clinical questions in an archive discussion”: the point beginning “Explain the study’s scope and limitations without…” belongs to t...

State the study design and what was actually measured before discussing the proposed mechanism. Keep speculation explicitly labelled and avoid transla...