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Case 16 — Reference management: distinguish primary and secondary sources A review cites another review for a claim about an experiment. How can the e...

Clarification for “Correlation in a small observational dataset”: the point beginning “Report sample size, potential confounders…” belongs to the ques...

Clarification for “Units and scale: prevent a silent comparison error”: the point beginning “Record the original units and axis transformation, show a...

Clarification for “Exploratory subgroup analysis: keep the label visible”: the point beginning “State whether it was prespecified and how…” belongs to...

Case 34 — Reading an abstract without skipping the methods · source wording exercise Correction note for “Reading an abstract without skipping the met...

Case 36 — Reading an abstract without skipping the methods · source wording exercise Correction note for “Reading an abstract without skipping the met...

Case 42 — Selection bias in a self-reported forum sample · source wording exercise Correction note for “Selection bias in a self-reported forum sample...

Case 4 — Preprint versus peer-reviewed publication Link both versions, record dates and check whether methods or conclusions changed. Publication stat...

Explain the study’s scope and limitations without recommending a treatment change. Individual decisions belong with a qualified clinician who can asse...